Thanks again for the suggestions.
I found a place where they seem to know what they're doing. Turns out the starter is, as some people suggested, completely shot, despite having been overhauled recently. The problem, I'm told, is corrosion caused by water ingress. Either condensation 'from the engine not being run often enough' or, possibly, water or coolant getting into the bell housing and being flicked up into the starter by the rotation of the flywheel.
This, it turns out, is also what was wrong a year ago, when the starter was last overhauled. And obviously I don't just want to put the starter back and wait for it to fail again.
I'm pretty sure it's not a coolant issue as the engine suffers no obvious coolant loss, and I imagine quite a bit of coolant would need to get into the bell housing to create these problems. And it definitely isn't being caused by water from the bilges.
Which leaves condensation, or some other source of water entering the starter.
So... does anyone with experience of BMC engines have any ideas on what is the likely cause of this kind of repeated water damage? And/or what solutions might be worth attempting?
Thanks again.